Un estudio reveló que determinadas células pueden convertirse solas en una especie de células madre embrionarias, si están en condiciones adecuadas y tienen suficiente tiempo. Si a ciertas células de los testículos de ratones se les deja "mucho espacio en la cápsula de Petri y (se les da) suficiente tiempo", algunas de ellas se reprograman hasta llegar a un estadio embrionario, informó el grupo de científicos encabezado por Hans Schöler, del Instituto Max Planck de Biomedicina Molecular en la ciudad alemana de Münster.
Anteriormente, para que se completara una reprogramación en células madre pluripotenciales, se tenían que adicionar algunas proteínas especiales y previo a ello también genes, utilizando como vector a un virus.
Sin embargo, en el caso de las células testiculares de ratones usadas por Schöler y sus colegas, fue suficiente ofrecerles buenas condiciones de crecimiento, dice un artículo publicado por los expertos en la revista especializada Cell Stem Cell.
Avances de este tipo en las técnicas para crear células madre son importantes para obtener en un futuro un reemplazo de las células madres embrionarias muy importantes para las investigaciones, pero cuya obtención es objetada porque para ello es necesario destruir un embrión.
"El principal objetivo es usar sólo un cóctel de sustancias", dijo Schöler.
La reprogramación autónoma en células madre descubierta por los científicos alemanes es un primer paso en el camino de reconvertir también a otras células somáticas (del cuerpo) en una especie de células madre embrionarias sin grandes intervenciones.
En los testículos, estas células madre pueden formar sólo nuevos espermatozoides. Sin embargo, a partir de las células transformadas se pudieron cultivar también células del corazón y nerviosas, entre otras.
En los ratones, los investigadores hasta crearon a partir de ellas quimeras, entidades producidas a partir de células de dos embriones diferentes, es decir que tienen una mezcla de genomas.
La reprogramación automática en las células testiculares fue descubierta por Schöler y colegas mientras realizaban investigación básica de rutina.
Debido a que en los testículos de los ratones existen diferentes tipos de células, buscaban una claramente definida, y, en esta búsqueda, dieron con estas células madre germinales muy ágiles. "Cada vez que colocábamos unas 8.000 células en los recipientes individuales de las cápsulas de Petri, algunas de las células se reprogramaron solas en dos semanas", explicó el biólofo Kinarm Ko sobre las células gPS (germline-derived pluripotent stem cells).
Con vista a una futura utilización de las células con fines terapéuticos medicinales el próximo paso es reprogramar de este modo también células humanas, indicó Schöler.
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